5^th World Heart Congress March 27- 28, 2019 Sydney, Australia

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscle's electrophysiologic pattern of depolarizing and repolarizing during each heartbeat. It is a very commonly performed cardiology test.  Electrocardiography also known as EKG or ECG, is a simple, painless test that records the heart's electrical activity. To understand this test, it helps to understand how the heart works. With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the heart to the bottom. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump blood. The process repeats with each new heartbeat. The heart's electrical signals set the rhythm of the heartbeat.

Nanotechnology is an area of science that involves working with materials and devices on a nanoscale level. Nanotechnology will offer the tools to explore the frontiers of medical science at a cellular level. It can provide novel techniques in the treatment of a multitude of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. The tools offered by nanotechnology in medical and cardiac sciences are in the areas of diagnosis, imaging, and tissue engineering. Applying nanotechnology methods has offered insight into the potential benefits of nanotechnology in cardiovascular sciences. Although the benefits of nanotechnology transcend all specialties of medicine, one of the important applications of nanomedicine is in cardiovascular sciences.

The term "heart disease" is often used interchangeably with the term "cardiovascular disease." Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other heart conditions, such as those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease.

A veterinary cardiologist is a specialist that has advanced training in the heart and circulatory system. Veterinary Cardiology generally deals with the study and treatment of disease condition of cardiovascular system in cats and dogs blood vessels. To become a board certified veterinary cardiologist a veterinarian usually completes a one-year internship followed by extensive specialized training in an approved residency training program. The heart problems may include canine and feline congestive heart failure, hypertension, dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and valvular disorders. Due to the interrelation in the function of pet's heart and lungs, veterinary cardiologists are also knowledgeable about lung diseases as well as diseases of the chest cavity.

Sports and Exercise Cardiology is associated with the cardiovascular care of athletes and exercising individuals of all ages, advancing the knowledge through fostering education, clinical expertise and research. sports medicine has contributed to include not only competitive athletes but also anyone who exercises (amateur or professionals). Sports medicine, also known as sport and exercise medicine (SEM) is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise. The societal and media response to such tragic deaths by an athlete garners negative publicity, although the general benefits of exercise outweigh the risk. Commonly, sudden cardiac death is triggered by a malignant tachyarrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia degenerating into VF. Cardiologists face various challenges in evaluating the athletes due to complex individual cardiovascular demand and adaptations imposed by exercise. 

A case report on Cardiology gives an appropriate convention for all cardiologists by providing their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable experience for students, clinicians, and paramedical staff -members. Rare medical reports and conditions discovered through the latest methods of examination are energized. Diagnostic methods from medical cases and the interpretation of symptoms is significant to train and burgeon the thought processes which are being used in the clinical field.

Although heart disease may often be thought of as a problem for men, heart disease is the most common cause of death for both women and men. One challenge is that some heart disease symptoms in women may be different from those in men. Fortunately, women can take steps to understand their unique symptoms of heart disease and to begin to reduce their risk of heart disease. The most common heart attack symptom in women is some type of pain, pressure or discomfort in the chest. But it is not always severe or even the most prominent symptom, particularly in women. And, sometimes, women may have a heart attack without chest pain. 

Clinical trials are research-oriented study that investigates whether a medical methodology or device is safe for use and effective for humans being. These studies will show that medical approaches work best for certain diseases or groups of individuals. The available Clinical trials produce data is best for health care decision making. A clinical trial will help to find a new strategy, treatment or device. There are four possible outcomes from a clinical trial. Positive trial, Non-inferior trial, Inconclusive trial, Negative trial.

Valvular heart disease is identified by destruction in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary. The mitral and tricuspid valves control the flow of blood between the atria and the ventricles (the upper and lower chambers of the heart). The pulmonary valve controls the blood flow from the heart to the lungs, and the aortic valve governs blood flow between the heart and the aorta, and thereby the blood vessels to the rest of the body. The mitral and aortic valves are the ones most frequently affected by valvular heart disease.

Cardio nursing is a specialty that works with patients who suffer from numerous conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses, also called cardiovascular nurses or cardiology nurses, are registered nurses (RNs) who have specialized in the cardiovascular system. They work with patients who have heart problems by following the treatment plan a cardiologist assigns, monitoring patient progress and administering medication to help the healing process.

Cardiovascular nurses facilitate treat conditions like unstable angina, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, cardiac dysrhythmia and congestive heart failure under the direction of a heart specialist (cardiologist). Cardiovascular nurses perform postoperative care on a stress test evaluation, cardiac monitoring, surgical unit, health assessments and vascular monitoring. Cardiovascular nurses must possess specialized skills including defibrillation, electrocardiogram monitoring and medication administration by continuous intravenous drip.

Pediatric Cardiology plays a major role in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects, performing diagnostic procedures such as echocardiograms, cardiac catheterizations, and for the ongoing management of the sequel of heart disease in infants, children and adolescents. In childhood, a disorder which involves both the heart and lungs problems, called Pediatric Cardiopulmonary disease. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is the visceral fat deposit over the heart and is often increased in obese subjects. EAT is connected to Cardio Metabolic risk factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adults, but this relationship is not well known in children. (MI) Myocardial infarction is rare in childhood and adolescence. Nursing and care for pediatric cardiac patients also plays an important role for the cure of pediatric cardiac patients.The discussion about the widespread problem of the baby heart diseases as Myocarditis, Hypertension, Cardiomyopathy, Heart Murmur, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Pericarditis Effusion, Cardiac Arrest, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Cyanotic Heart Disease, and Pediatric Arrhythmia.

Cardiometabolic disorders are assemblage of health circumstances associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The morbidity and mortality severity increased clinical attention to address risk factors predisposing individuals to these cardiovascular disorders. Diabetes affects this vital function as prolonged, poorly controlled blood glucose levels increase the risk of the body's blood vessels narrowing or becoming blocked. The medical conditions and their related risk-factors can control the complications by evidence-based treatments while improving health literacy.

Obesity can increase the risk of stroke due to inflammation caused by excess fatty tissue. This can lead to difficulty in blood flow and an increased risk of blockage, both of which can cause strokes. It's also a major cause of gallstones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems. Having diabetes or pre-diabetes puts one at increased risk for heart disease and stroke. One can lower its risk by keeping the blood glucose (also called blood sugar), hypertension, and blood cholesterol close to the recommended target numbers the levels suggested by diabetes experts for good health. Two of the best ways to lower your risk of stroke are by eating a heart healthy diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables, eating sensible portions and being physically active on a regular basis.

Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart disease, correct congenital heart disease, or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease. Coronary heart disease is a common term for the buildup of plaque in the heart’s arteries that could lead to heart attack. With coronary artery disease, plaque first grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s muscle is limited. It may be chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply to part of the muscle. Or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque and formation of a thrombus or blood clot. A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.

Cardiomyopathy, also called dilated cardiomyopathy, the heart becomes expanded and weakened and inadequate to pump effectively. The many causes of heart failure is cardiomyopathy. Heart failure occurs when the heart does not pump strongly enough to meet the needs of the body. If the heart doesn't pump with the force needed, the body's tissues will not get enough oxygen. Heart failure develops gently as the heart muscle weakens. If the right side of the heart is affected, the heart is unable to pump adequate blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. If the left side of the heart is affected, it is unable to pump enough blood to the rest of the body. In most cases, heart failure affects both left and right side, but it can occur on just one side.

The human heart is continually operating as a muscular pump, contracting, on average, 80 times per minute to propel 8000 liters of blood through body tissues each day. Whereas damaged skeletal muscle has a profound capacity to regenerate, heart muscle, at least in mammals, has poor regenerative potential. This deficiency is attributable to the lack of resident cardiac stem cells, combined with roadblocks that limit adult cardiomyocytes from entering the cell cycle and completing division. Insights for regeneration have recently emerged from studies of animals with an elevated innate capacity for regeneration, the innovation of stem cell and reprogramming technologies, and a clearer understanding of the cardiomyocyte genetic program and key extrinsic signals. Methods to augment heart regeneration now have potential to counteract the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease.